交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)源于二(er)十(shi)世紀七八十(shi)年代的(de)(de)(de)美國(guo)，隨(sui)后英(ying)國(guo)、日本等(deng)國(guo)家或(huo)地(di)(di)區(qu)也各自(zi)制(zhi)定了(le)全國(guo)統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)或(huo)指南。從(cong)理論(lun)上來講，城(cheng)市(shi)中(zhong)任(ren)一(yi)新建(jian)(jian)或(huo)者(zhe)改(gai)建(jian)(jian)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)所生成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流(liu)都會(hui)改(gai)變城(cheng)市(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)系統中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)供需(xu)關系，對(dui)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)系統的(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)秩序產(chan)生影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)則(ze)是針(zhen)對(dui)這些影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)進行(xing)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)并制(zhi)定相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)策(ce)、削(xue)減建(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)方法。我(wo)國(guo)最早開展(zhan)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)是1991年對(dui)上海靜安(an)區(qu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為城(cheng)市(shi)副中(zhong)心開發建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)估，之后北京、上海、南京、哈爾濱等(deng)城(cheng)市(shi)先(xian)后制(zhi)定了(le)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。2010年住(zhu)房和(he)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)部(bu)頒布(bu)了(le)《建(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)》(以下簡稱(cheng)《標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)》)對(dui)全國(guo)范(fan)圍內交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)起到了(le)推動(dong)和(he)規范(fan)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用。該《標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)》發布(bu)后，部(bu)分(fen)(fen)省(sheng)、市(shi)及地(di)(di)區(qu)積極(ji)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)，先(xian)后對(dui)建(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)、審查要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)進行(xing)了(le)地(di)(di)方性(xing)細化，如(ru)2012年10月江蘇省(sheng)住(zhu)房和(he)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)廳、江蘇省(sheng)公安(an)廳聯合發布(bu)了(le)關于加(jia)強(qiang)城(cheng)市(shi)規劃(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)知和(he)建(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)編制(zhi)要(yao)點，明(ming)確(que)了(le)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)編制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)和(he)審查工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。不(bu)可否認，交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)對(dui)改(gai)善城(cheng)市(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也發揮了(le)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用，工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)方法、工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)機制(zhi)也正逐步(bu)完善，但不(bu)管是從(cong)國(guo)內二(er)十(shi)多(duo)年交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)實踐(jian)歷(li)程還是現(xian)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)實踐(jian)情況來看，對(dui)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)位、作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用甚至必要(yao)性(xing)一(yi)直都存在(zai)著質疑，部(bu)分(fen)(fen)地(di)(di)區(qu)已經取消了(le)交(jiao)(jiao)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，技(ji)術(shu)(shu)層(ceng)面存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)問題則(ze)是其中(zhong)一(yi)個重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)原因。
四(si)階段(duan)(duan)法(fa)是目(mu)(mu)前(qian)國(guo)家(jia)、省及各市(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)影響評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)技(ji)術指南中(zhong)所推薦的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。其主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)思路(lu)是分別計算(suan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)年(nian)限(xian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)新(xin)(xin)生成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)景交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，并進(jin)行(xing)疊加分析(xi)。其中(zhong)背(bei)景交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)是指在(zai)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)年(nian)無(wu)該建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)情況下(xia)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)由評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)年(nian)過境交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)現(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)已建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)年(nian)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)其他新(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)年(nian)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)組成(cheng)。評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)年(nian)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)過境和(he)(he)現(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)已建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，可(ke)(ke)采用(yong)類比法(fa)、趨勢分析(xi)法(fa)、回歸分析(xi)法(fa)和(he)(he)四(si)階段(duan)(duan)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)預測法(fa)等(deng)進(jin)行(xing)預測。評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)年(nian)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)被(bei)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)其他新(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)所產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)則(ze)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)議采用(yong)四(si)階段(duan)(duan)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)需(xu)求預測方(fang)(fang)法(fa)進(jin)行(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預測。雖然(ran)四(si)階段(duan)(duan)法(fa)已經是非常成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)需(xu)求分析(xi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)，但也有其適(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)條(tiao)件。目(mu)(mu)前(qian)四(si)階段(duan)(duan)法(fa)在(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)影響評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐中(zhong)仍然(ran)普(pu)遍存(cun)在(zai)一些不合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)做法(fa)，要(yao)(yao)更加可(ke)(ke)科學(xue)地(di)使用(yong)四(si)階段(duan)(duan)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)理清現(xian)(xian)有做法(fa)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾對特殊矛盾。
1、交通流系(xi)統性(xing)、全局性(xing)與(yu)交通影響分析對象局部性(xing)的矛盾
在(zai)進(jin)行建設項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響分(fen)析的(de)過(guo)程中，往往需(xu)要(yao)劃(hua)定評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)(wei)，但其實(shi)這里應(ying)該注意兩(liang)個(ge)概(gai)念的(de)區別，即評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)(wei)和影(ying)(ying)(ying)響范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)(wei)。評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)(wei)是指(zhi)需(xu)要(yao)進(jin)行交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響分(fen)析評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)和提出改善(shan)措施的(de)區域的(de)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)(wei)，而(er)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)(wei)則(ze)是項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)產(chan)生的(de)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流(liu)(liu)的(de)空間覆(fu)蓋(gai)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)(wei)，一(yi)般應(ying)覆(fu)蓋(gai)90%以上的(de)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)產(chan)生的(de)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流(liu)(liu)的(de)端(duan)點數量。而(er)在(zai)國內很多交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)做(zuo)法并不區分(fen)這一(yi)概(gai)念，僅(jin)僅(jin)采用評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)(wei)代(dai)替(ti)(ti)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)(wei)，這一(yi)錯誤的(de)做(zuo)法使得四階段法模(mo)型失去應(ying)有的(de)效力(li)。如果采用評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)(wei)來建立(li)四階段法模(mo)型，由(you)于(yu)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)(wei)相對較小，項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)對外交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流(liu)(liu)的(de)實(shi)際(ji)出行距(ju)離將被截斷(duan)和用較小的(de)值來代(dai)替(ti)(ti)，作為影(ying)(ying)(ying)響交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)重要(yao)因素的(de)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)阻(zu)抗(kang)(kang)也就人為減(jian)小，在(zai)阻(zu)抗(kang)(kang)失真的(de)情(qing)況下，交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分(fen)布(bu)模(mo)型的(de)結果自然也是不可(ke)信的(de)。
交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)方式劃分(fen)(fen)模(mo)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運用也(ye)具(ju)有同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道理，在交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)評價(jia)(jia)過程中經(jing)常假定(ding)項(xiang)目(mu)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)需求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)，但(dan)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)需求結構(gou)也(ye)是與出行(xing)距離(li)密(mi)切(qie)相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)區(qu)分(fen)(fen)距離(li)分(fen)(fen)布特征而(er)一(yi)律采用同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法也(ye)是不(bu)合適的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因(yin)此(ci)在進行(xing)建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)目(mu)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)評價(jia)(jia)時應對(dui)(dui)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)評價(jia)(jia)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)和(he)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)予以(yi)區(qu)分(fen)(fen)，更合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法是，在交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內使用四階段法模(mo)型(xing)，然后截取(qu)研究范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)并(bing)針對(dui)(dui)研究范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運行(xing)進行(xing)評價(jia)(jia)，而(er)不(bu)是僅(jin)僅(jin)將模(mo)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)立局限(xian)于(yu)(yu)評價(jia)(jia)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內。至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)研究范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選取(qu)可(ke)根(gen)據建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類型(xing)、區(qu)位，必要(yao)(yao)情況下(xia)進行(xing)市(shi)場調查來判斷和(he)確定(ding)，對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)像交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)樞紐(niu)這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)目(mu)有必要(yao)(yao)以(yi)全市(shi)作為影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)，這就對(dui)(dui)用于(yu)(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)需求模(mo)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)出了很高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求，目(mu)前大(da)多數城(cheng)市(shi)沒有長期(qi)維護、公開化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)型(xing)，出于(yu)(yu)服(fu)務具(ju)體項(xiang)目(mu)需要(yao)(yao)而(er)倉促(cu)建(jian)(jian)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)型(xing)又往往經(jing)不(bu)起推敲(qiao)，這也(ye)是影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)評價(jia)(jia)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)原因(yin)。因(yin)此(ci)要(yao)(yao)提(ti)(ti)高交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)評價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學性(xing)，不(bu)僅(jin)僅(jin)要(yao)(yao)關(guan)注交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)評價(jia)(jia)本身，其(qi)背后交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)數據庫、交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)模(mo)型(xing)完(wan)善程度(du)和(he)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)更具(ju)有決定(ding)性(xing)。
2、交通流的網絡性、動態(tai)性與(yu)流量疊加方法的靜(jing)態(tai)性的矛盾
交(jiao)通(tong)網(wang)絡中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)通(tong)流(liu)(liu)是動(dong)態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)、系統的(de)(de)(de)。按照wardrop第一(yi)分(fen)配原(yuan)理，網(wang)絡中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)通(tong)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)達到最終的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)衡狀態(tai)時，被(bei)利用的(de)(de)(de)各條路(lu)線的(de)(de)(de)走行時間相等并最小。目前(qian)建(jian)設項(xiang)目交(jiao)通(tong)影(ying)響分(fen)析中(zhong)項(xiang)目產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)交(jiao)通(tong)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)與背景(jing)(jing)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)疊加的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)并不(bu)是一(yi)種(zhong)遵循wardrop原(yuan)理的(de)(de)(de)均衡分(fen)配方(fang)法(fa)，這(zhe)一(yi)方(fang)法(fa)將將項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)背景(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)固定下(xia)來然后再讓(rang)項(xiang)目流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)來選擇路(lu)徑，而背景(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)和項(xiang)目產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)是同(tong)步發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)、在線路(lu)選擇上是相互影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)，目前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)做法(fa)不(bu)能反映(ying)路(lu)網(wang)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)布對于路(lu)網(wang)服務水平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)我調整機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，疊加方(fang)法(fa)下(xia)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)通(tong)擁堵點在平(ping)衡分(fen)配機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)可能就通(tong)過(guo)自(zi)我調整消除了，因此不(bu)建(jian)議采(cai)用流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)疊加的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式而是采(cai)用OD疊加的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式，讓(rang)背景(jing)(jing)OD與項(xiang)目OD進(jin)行同(tong)步分(fen)配。
3、交通影響(xiang)分析的微(wei)觀(guan)分析要求與宏觀(guan)分析手段的矛盾(dun)
交通影響評(ping)價(jia)所關注(zhu)的交通問題既包(bao)括宏(hong)觀(guan)層(ceng)面，也包(bao)含微(wei)觀(guan)層(ceng)面，這要求在技術(shu)手(shou)段上與之匹配。目前多(duo)采用宏(hong)觀(guan)、中(zhong)觀(guan)分析手(shou)段為(wei)主，難以完全(quan)評(ping)價(jia)交
通(tong)影(ying)響(xiang)程度(du)和交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)改(gai)善后的效果(guo)，例如交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)口的渠化、人(ren)行(xing)通(tong)道(dao)設(she)置等(deng)等(deng)。因此，建(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)影(ying)響(xiang)評價應采用(yong)宏(hong)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)與(yu)微觀(guan)(guan)(guan)相結合的交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)分(fen)析方(fang)(fang)法(fa)，宏(hong)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)上用(yong)于(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)流的空間分(fen)布、交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)方(fang)(fang)式結構的分(fen)析，微觀(guan)(guan)(guan)上用(yong)于(yu)對關(guan)鍵節(jie)點的改(gai)善措施、交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)流線組織等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面進行(xing)評價。
交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)價(jia)工作(zuo)在國內開展二(er)十多年來(lai)，對(dui)于(yu)改善城(cheng)市(shi)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)狀(zhuang)況、促進交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)減量(liang)和加強環境保護起到了一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)成效。隨著城(cheng)市(shi)土地資源緊缺與交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)需求激增矛盾的(de)(de)(de)(de)逐漸凸顯(xian)，交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)價(jia)作(zuo)為從協調(diao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)和土地利用關系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)手段也(ye)將會承擔更重的(de)(de)(de)(de)責任。盡(jin)管目前交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)編制、實施環節上還存在一些問(wen)題(ti)，導致(zhi)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地位受到質疑、作(zuo)用發揮受限，但(dan)只有積極面對(dui)問(wen)題(ti)、修補(bu)漏洞才是解決問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出路，因噎廢食、徹底否定交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評(ping)價(jia)價(jia)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)回避態度是于(yu)事無(wu)補(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。
